Minimally invasive retractor with separable blades and methods of use

ABSTRACT

A device, system and method for orthopedic spine surgery using a screw-based retractor, are disclosed herein and allows for access to the spine through a minimally or less invasive approach. The retractor device is designed to be coupled to a pedicle screw and then to have opposed arms of the retractor spread apart to open the wound proximally. The retractor is removed by separating the opposed blades to allow the retractor portions to be pulled out of the wound. The retractor is intended to be made of a flexible metal material, sterile packaged and disposable after one use. A system and method for using the retractor and performing a minimally invasive spine surgical procedure are also disclosed.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

The present application claims priority to, and the benefit of, U.S. Provisional Application Ser. No. 61/032,199 filed Feb. 28, 2008, the entire contents of which are hereby incorporated by reference.

BACKGROUND

1. Technical Field

The present disclosure relates generally to orthopedic spine surgery and in particular to a minimally invasive retractor with separable blades and methods for use in a minimally invasive surgical procedure.

2. Background of the Technology

There has been considerable development of retractors and retractor systems that are adapted for use in less invasive procedures. Many of the recent developments are based on traditional types of surgical retractors for open procedures, predominantly table-mounted devices of various designs. These devices tend to be cumbersome and are not well adapted for use in small incisions. Standard hand-held surgical retractors are well known in the prior art and can be modified to fit the contours of these small incisions, but they require manual manipulation to maintain a desired placement, thereby occupying one hand of the physician or requiring another person to assist the physician during the procedure. Typical retractors are also positioned into the soft tissue and are levered back to hold the wound open, frequently requiring re-positioning if they dislodge, obstruct the physician's view, or interfere with access to the surgical site.

In recent years, minimally invasive surgical approaches have been applied to orthopedic surgery and more recently to spine surgery, such as instrumented fusions involving one or more vertebral bodies. Unlike minimally invasive procedures such as arthroscopic knee surgery or gallbladder surgery where the affected area is contained within a small region of the body, spinal fusion surgery typically encompasses a considerably larger region of the patient's body. In addition, arthroscopic surgery and laparoscopic surgery permit the introduction of fluid (i.e. liquid or gas) for distending tissue and creating working space for the surgeon. Surgery on the spine does not involve a capsule or space that can be so distended, instead involving multiple layers of soft tissue, bone, ligaments, and nerves. For these reasons, the idea of performing a minimally invasive procedure on the spine has only recently been approached.

By way of example, in a typical spine fusion at least two vertebral bodies are rigidly connected using screws implanted into the respective vertebral bodies with a solid metal rod spanning the distance between the screws. This procedure is not generally conducive to a minimally invasive approach. The insertion of pedicle or facet screws is relatively straightforward and can be accomplished through a minimal incision. The difficulty arises upon the introduction of a length of rod into a very small incision with extremely limited access and visibility. A single level fusion may require a 30-40 mm rod to be introduced into a 1 cm incision and a multilevel fusion may require a rod several inches long to fit into a 1 cm incision. For this reason, it is important that the minimal incision be maintained in an open and accessible condition (i.e. as wide as practicable) for introduction of the rod.

Minimally invasive surgery offers significant advantages over conventional open surgery. First, the skin incision and subsequent scar are significantly smaller. By using more than one small incision rather than one large incision, the need for extensive tissue and muscle retraction may be greatly reduced. This leads to significantly reduced post-operative pain, a shorter hospital stay, and a faster overall recovery.

Most spine implant procedures are open procedures, and while many manufacturers advertise a minimally invasive method, the procedure is typically not recommended for fusions and focuses on more common and accepted minimally invasive spine procedures such as kyphoplasty, vertebroplasty, and discectomy.

Medtronic Sofamor Danek's SEXTANT® is a minimally invasive device used for screw and rod insertion. Its shortcomings lie with how complicated the system is to use and the requirement for an additional incision for rod introduction. This system also requires that the guidance devices be rigidly fixed to the pedicle screw head in order to maintain instrument alignment and to prevent cross-threading of the setscrew. For these reasons, the surgeon cannot access the surrounding anatomy for complete preparation of the field. Nor does SEXTANT® allow for any variation in the procedure, if need be.

Depuy Spine's VIPER™ system is another minimally invasive implant and technique recommended for one or two level spine fusions. This system is less complicated than the SEXTANT®, only requiring two incisions for a unilateral, one-level fusion, but it is limited in the same way as the SEXTANT® because it also requires the instrumentation to be rigidly fixed to the pedicle screw.

Spinal Concept's PATHFINDER® and NuVasive's SPHERX® spinal system (as disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 6,802,844), are marketed as “minimally disruptive” spine fusion implants and procedures. While they have advantages over a general “open” procedure, they do not provide all of the advantages of a truly minimally invasive approach. Their characterization as “minimally open” procedures is a result of the inherent difficulty of introducing a rod in a minimally invasive spinal procedure. In order to introduce a rod long enough to accomplish a single level fusion, these systems describe an incision long enough to accept such a rod, thereby undermining the advantages of a minimally invasive approach.

The problem of rod introduction warrants further discussion as it is the central problem in minimally invasive spinal fusions. The systems currently on the market address this issue by adding another incision, using a larger incision, or avoiding fusions greater than one level.

In order to be truly minimally invasive, a spine fusion procedure should have a minimum number of small incisions and not require significant tissue and/or muscle retraction. Furthermore, an improved approach should encompass as many variations and applications as possible thereby allowing the surgeon to adjust the procedure to accommodate the anatomy and surgical needs of the patient as presented. For instance, spinal fusions should not be limited to just one or two levels.

Therefore, a continuing need exists for an improved device, an improved system, and an improved method for performing minimally invasive spine surgery.

SUMMARY

The present disclosure relates to a device, a system, and a method for a screw-based retractor used in performing minimally invasive spine surgery. The retractor is removably attached to a pedicle bone screw that is used to guide the retractor into place and act as a point of fixation with respect to the patient. Multiple retractors may be used in conjunction with a single screw to allow retraction in multiple directions and multiple retractors may be used with multiple screws, respectively, during a single spine procedure. The retractor may be manufactured for a single use or can be sterilized and reused. Finally, the retractor may also act as a guide that will aid in the insertion of instruments and implants.

In its nominal position, the retractor extends longitudinally from the screw in a generally cylindrical shape with at least one retracting blade. Instrument holes are located perpendicular to the long axis of each retracting blade whereby a standard surgical instrument, such as a Gelpi retractor, can be used to separate the blades to retract the skin and soft tissue and maintain the field of view as well as a site for performing surgical procedures. Yet, where the retractor is connected to the pedicle screw the retractor maintains a substantially circular cross-section. Since the retractor is not permanently fixed but is removably attached to the pedicle screw, it is free to have polyaxial motion allowing the surgeon greater wound access and freedom to operate. Furthermore, polyaxial motion allows the retractor to expand medial-laterally as well as cephalad-caudally and any combination thereof. This freedom of movement proximally and non-rigid attachment distally decreases the need for retractor re-positioning during a procedure. Proximal stabilization of the retractor is possible when it is used in conjunction with either a free standing or table-mounted retractor.

The minimally invasive retractor can be designed to flex proximal or distal to the pedicle screw head. In one embodiment, the retractor has a “living hinge” and an opposing “true hinge” incorporated into the retractor's blade design. In a further embodiment, the minimally invasive retractor has a pair of living hinges. In an alternate embodiment, the minimally invasive retractor has a pair of true hinges.

As viewed along its longitudinal axis, a cross-section of the minimally invasive retractor has a generally circular configuration and provides additional stiffness. The geometry of the minimally invasive retractor provides sufficient stiffness for maintaining the opening at the surgical site.

Minimally invasive retractors having combinations of a living hinge and/or a true hinge may include at least one window that is aligned with the pedicle screw saddle and allows the insertion of instruments into the surgical site or added visualization.

The distal tip of the minimally invasive retractor is bullet shaped to aid in insertion through the soft tissue to where it will seat against the pedicle. The distal tip comprises a pair of opposed arms that may be selectively interlocked by one or more retractable pins. The distal tip may also have one or more relief features cut into it to aid in removing the retractor. Upon completion of the procedure, the retractable pin can be removed to permit separation of the opposing arms of the distal tip. In this manner, the distal tip can be separated so that the separated retractor portions (two or more) can be pulled out of the wound past the screw and rod assembly. Advantageously, by positioning the distal tip of the retractor around the head of the screw adjacent the bone, the retractor retracts soft tissue from a point adjacent or below the head of the screw, creating excellent visibility of the screw and surrounding tissue. If relief features are included, the distal tip of the retractor portions flexes to facilitate removal past the screw assembly.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

Embodiments of the presently disclosed minimally invasive retractor are described herein with reference to the accompanying drawings, wherein:

FIG. 1A is a perspective view of a minimally invasive retractor according to an embodiment of the present disclosure;

FIG. 1B is a perspective view of the minimally invasive retractor of FIG. 1A rotated 180°;

FIG. 2 is a bottom view of the minimally invasive retractor of FIGS. 1A and 1B;

FIG. 3 is a side view of the minimally invasive retractor of FIGS. 1A and 1B;

FIG. 3A is an enlarged detail view from FIG. 3 of the minimally invasive retractor;

FIG. 4 is a side view of a minimally invasive retractor according to another embodiment of the present disclosure;

FIG. 4A is an enlarged detail view from FIG. 4 of the minimally invasive retractor;

FIG. 5 is a top view of a minimally invasive retractor according to another embodiment of the present disclosure;

FIG. 6 is a side view of a minimally invasive retractor and screw assembly including the minimally invasive retractor of FIGS. 1A and 1B;

FIG. 7 is a perspective view of the minimally invasive retractor and screw assembly of FIG. 6;

FIG. 8 is an enlarged detail view from FIG. 6 of the minimally invasive retractor and screw assembly; and

FIG. 9 is a front cross-sectional view of a vertebral body with a pair of minimally invasive retractors attached using screws with the blades in their initial position and rods positioned in the passages of the minimally invasive retractors.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE EMBODIMENTS

Embodiments of the presently disclosed minimally invasive retraction device will now be described in detail with reference to the drawings wherein like reference numerals identify similar or identical elements. In the drawings and in the description which follows, the term “proximal”, as is traditional, will refer to the end of the minimally invasive retraction device which is closest to the operator while the term “distal” will refer to the end of the device which is furthest from the operator.

The present disclosure relates to a device, a system, and a method for a screw-based retractor used in performing minimally invasive spine surgery. Such a device, system, and method is disclosed in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/528,223 filed on Sep. 26, 2006 (U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2007/0106123), the entire contents of which are incorporated herein by reference.

Referring initially to FIGS. 1A, 1B, and 2, an embodiment of the presently disclosed minimally invasive retractor or retractor is illustrated and generally designated as 10. Retractor 10 includes an open proximal end 12 and a distal end 14. In addition, retractor 10 includes a pair of retractor blades 8 a, 8 b having a plurality of instrument holes 6 disposed on each of retractor blades 8 a, 8 b. Instrument holes 6 are configured and dimensioned to cooperate with different surgical instruments (e.g., a Gelpi retractor). A distal region 9 of retractor 10 includes an opening 7 (FIG. 2), optionally at least one slot or window 2, and a pair of arms 13 a, 13 b. As shown in FIG. 1A, arm 13 b extends from distal end 14 to a hinged area or true hinge 5. FIG. 1B shows retractor 10 of FIG. 1A rotated 180° to illustrate arm 13 a extending from distal end 14 to a flexible region or living hinge 4. Optional window 2 may be sized and configured to receive instruments therethrough and/or provide for visual inspection. Retractor blades 8 a and 8 b are attached to living hinge 4 and true hinge 5, respectively, to define a substantially continuous elongate member. A pair of recesses 4 a is formed between retractor blade 8 a and arm 13 a to define living hinge 4. Arm 13 b is joined to distal region 9 by a pivot pin 11 that is adapted to enable pivoting movement of retractor blade 8 b relative to arm 13 b during use of retractor 10, as will be discussed in detail hereinafter. A pair of recesses 5 a is formed between retractor blade 8 b and arm 13 b to further define true hinge 5. Alternatively, retractor 10 could have two living hinges or two true hinges.

Optionally, distal end 14 may further include at least one relief region R (FIG. 2) defined by at least one slit 16 extending proximally from opening 7 (FIG. 2). Optional slit 16 may originate at window 2 and extend distally towards opening 7. It is contemplated that other arrangements of relief structures may be used to define optional relief region R and these may exist between opening 7 and window 2. Each slit 16 is a weakened portion of distal end 14. It may be a score in the material, a perforated region in the material, or another structural arrangement allowing relief region R to be radially displaced away from the centerline of retractor 10 in response to applied forces. In addition, distal end 14 has a generally convex outer surface that facilitates insertion of retractor 10 through layers of body tissue.

Retractor blades 8 a, 8 b and arms 13 a, 13 b are generally arcuate structures that cooperate to define segments of a substantially circular cross-sectional configuration for retractor 10. Preferably, each retractor blade 8 a, 8 b and each arm 13 a, 13 b have an arcuate configuration that is less than about 180° and are radially spaced apart to define a continuous slot 17 along a substantial portion of retractor 10. In addition, each retractor blade 8 a, 8 b and its corresponding arm 13 a, 13 b define a passage 18 that also extends substantially the entire length of retractor 10. Passage 18 is expandable, as will be discussed in detail hereinafter, for receiving a rod 3 (FIG. 9) therein. Retractor blades 8 a, 8 b and arms 13 a, 13 b define segments of a substantially circular ring shape in cross-section, thereby providing sufficient stiffness (i.e., rigidity) such that retractor blades 8 a, 8 b and arms 13 a, 13 b resist bending from the counter forces of the retracted tissues.

Opening 7 is located at distal end 14 of retractor 10 and is sized for receiving the shank of a threaded screw 40 (FIGS. 6-8) therethrough, but inhibiting passage of a head 42 (FIG. 7) of screw 40 so as to support screw 40 at distal end 14 of retractor 10. The interior surface of distal end 14 has a generally concave spherical geometry that is adapted to mate with head 42 of pedicle screw 40.

Referring now to FIGS. 2, 3, and 3A, arms 13 a and 13 b are configured and dimensioned to releasably interlock to form the generally convex outer surface of distal end 14. More specifically, a pair of opposed fingers 21 a, 21 b are in spaced relation to each other and extend from arm 13 b such that a finger 22 extending from arm 13 a is received between fingers 21 a, 21 b to interlock arms 13 a and 13 b, i.e., in an interlocked position, as illustrated in FIG. 3A. A pair of substantially aligned throughbores 23 a and 23 b are defined through fingers 21 a and 21 b, respectively. In the interlocked position of arms 13 a, 13 b, a throughbore 23 c defined through arm 22 is configured to substantially align with throughbores 23 a and 23 b to further define a pin receptacle 23. Pin receptacle 23 is sized for receiving a retractable pin 15 therethrough as indicated by directional arrow B, but inhibiting passage of a head 15 a of retractable pin 15 so as to support retractable pin 15 at distal end 14 of retractor 10 to maintain arms 13 a and 13 b in the interlocked position. As shown in FIG. 3A, retractable pin 15 may be removed from interlocking receptacle 23 as indicated by directional arrow A to allow arms 13 a and 13 b to be separated from each other as indicated by directional arrows C and D. In the illustrated embodiment, a tether 19 is shown operably connected to pin head 15 a. In use, tether 19 may be used to pull pin 15 in the direction indicated by directional arrow A to remove pin 15 from interlocking receptacle 23. In other embodiments, an elongated tool may also be used to manipulate pin 15 relative to interlocking receptacle 23. Once pin 15 is removed from interlocking receptacle 23, arms 13 a and 13 b may be separated from each other to facilitate disassembly of retractor 10 and thereafter removal of the separated parts of retractor 10 from the patient's body, as will be discussed in further detail hereinafter. The single interlocking receptacle 23 configuration shown in FIG. 3A is illustrative only and additional interlocking receptacles 23 may be defined at distal end 14 (see FIG. 2) for receiving a retractable pin therein to maintain arms 13 a and 13 b in the interlocked position.

FIGS. 4 and 4A show an embodiment of retractor 10 having at least one interlocking receptacle 23 defined substantially displaced from the centerline of retractor 10. In this embodiment, tether 19 may be utilized to remove pin 15 from interlocking receptacle 23 in substantially the same manner as discussed above with reference to FIG. 3A. By defining interlocking receptacle 23 substantially displaced from the centerline of retractor 10, removal from and/or insertion into interlocking receptacle 23 of pin 15 may be achieved without interference from structures placed along the centerline of retractor 10 during operation thereof (e.g., within slot 17 and/or through opening 7 at distal end 14) such as, for example, a pedicle screw or rod, as will be discussed in detail hereinafter. In this embodiment, optional relief features may be particularly desirable to allow flexing of the portion of the retractor extending underneath the screw assembly as removal force is applied to remove the retractor from the screw.

Referring now to FIG. 5, one or more optional tubes 24 are defined through the longitudinal cross-section of retractor blades 8 a, 8 b. Tubes 24 may be defined along the entire length of retractor blades 8 a, 8 b and are adapted to accommodate optical fiber (not shown) therethrough. The optical fiber is in optical communication with any suitable energy source known in the art (not explicitly shown) and utilized to illuminate the length of retractor 10, or any particular portion thereof, from proximal end 12 along continuous slot 17 to distal end 14. Additionally or alternatively, tubes 24 may be formed from an optically transmissive material, as is known in the art and coupled to a light source. A suitable light source may include a light emitting diode (LED).

Retractor 10 is formed from a suitable biocompatible material having the desired physical properties. That is, retractor 10 is formed of a biocompatible, sterilizable material in a suitable configuration and thickness so as to be sufficiently rigid to be held on the screw when desired during insertion and a surgical procedure and to provide retraction of tissue, and yet is sufficiently bendable to be spread apart to provide retraction and to be removed from the screw as necessary and appropriate. It is contemplated that retractor 10 may be formed from metal or plastic. Any malleable, bendable, flexible, or otherwise formable material, including metals and plastics and composites, known in the art may be used, such as titanium, titanium alloy, surgical stainless steel, nickel titanium alloys, shape memory alloy, polypropylene, polyethylene, polycarbonate, silicone, polyetheretherketone, etc. If the retractor is made from a conductive material, a non-conductive coating may be applied to the surface of retractor 10 to allow for electrical stimulation of threaded screw 40 (FIGS. 6-8) without shunting of current through retractor 10. Any suitable non-conductive dielectric material known in the art may be applied to retractor 10 to achieve this purpose. Retractor blade 8 a is bendable away from the centerline of retractor 10 in response to applied forces, wherein retractor blade 8 a bends at living hinge 4. Retractor blade 8 b is pivotal away from the centerline of retractor 10 in response to applied forces, wherein retractor blade 8 b pivots at true hinge 5. Bending and/or pivoting retractor blades 8 a, 8 b away from the centerline (i.e. radially outwards) creates a larger opening through retractor 10 and also acts to retract the surrounding tissue at the selected surgical site. Installation and use of retractor 10 in surgical procedures will be discussed in detail hereinafter. As will be appreciated, a malleable material is necessary if a living hinge is to be used, whereas a rigid material for the retractor blades may be used if a true hinge is used.

In FIGS. 6-8, retractor 10 is illustrated in an assembled condition with a pedicle screw 40. Pedicle screw 40 extends through opening 7 such that threads of pedicle screw 40 extend beyond distal end 14 for insertion into a target site in a bone (e.g. a vertebral body). As shown in the figures, when pedicle screw 40 is inserted in retractor 10, a head 42 (FIG. 7) of pedicle screw 40 mates with the interior geometry of distal end 14. As shown, rod receiving passage 44 of pedicle screw 40 aligns with opening 17 between retractor blades 8 a, 8 b facilitating the insertion of a rod 3 (FIG. 9) into screw head 42. In addition, pedicle screw 40 is pivotable about the longitudinal axis of retractor 10 allowing retractor 10 to be attached in a first angular orientation with respect to the vertebral body, but pivotable about pedicle screw 40 increasing the amount of tissue that may be retracted using retractor 10. As will be appreciated, the pedicle screw may be cannulated such that it may be translated along a guide wire, thereby facilitating insertion of the pedicle screw and the minimally invasive retractor into the work site.

It is contemplated that any of the retractors embodied herein may be formed of a bendable resilient material such that when external spreading forces (i.e. from a Gelpi retractor or the physician's hands) are removed, the retractor blades will return towards their initial position (e.g., substantially parallel to the centerline). It is also contemplated that any of the previously disclosed retractors may be formed of a bendable non-resilient material such that when the external spreading forces are removed, the retractor blades resist returning to their initial position and remain in the retracted position.

A method for use of the presently disclosed system will now be described with reference to FIG. 9. Retractor 10 is assembled with pedicle screw 40 as shown in FIGS. 6-8. The assembled apparatus is inserted into an incision through the patient's skin S and muscle/fat tissue T such that pedicle screw 40 is subsequently threaded into a vertebral body V. Once the desired number of screws with retractors 10 are affixed to vertebral bodies V, retractor blades 8 are spread and/or pivoted apart to retract skin S and tissue T to create a retracted area at the target site. Rod 3 is inserted in passage 18 when passage 18 is in an expanded state (i.e., tissue has been retracted). In a preferred method, the rod may be inserted along a path from one screw head to another, possibly subcutaneously such that it may be secured to fastening regions of pedicle screws in adjacent vertebral bodies. The retractors of the present disclosure are well suited for such a technique due to the unique access provided. Once the screw-rod construct is complete, retractor 10 is removed from the patient as described above by removing the pins holding the retractor together. The separated portions may be moved away from the center line of the screw to provide clearance around the screw head, and then pulled out of the incision. This may be done by hand or with suitable gripping tools. To the extent relief regions are included, a retractor extracting tool may be used to promote flexing or separation of relief regions R to facilitate removal of the retractor 10. An example of a retractor extracting tool is described in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/528,223 (referenced hereinabove).

The physician may remove retractable pin 15 proximally from pin receptacle 23 using tether 19 or an elongated tool, as indicated by directional arrow A (FIG. 3A) and separate arms 13 a, 13 b at pin receptacle 23, thereby allowing proximal movement of the arms 13 a, 13 b radially away from the centerline of retractor 10, as indicated by directional arrows C and D (FIG. 3A). As such, retractor 10 is separated from pedicle screw 40 without imparting significant downward or rotational forces against the patient's body. Retractor 10 may then be removed from the patient and this process may be repeated for each installed retractor.

It is envisioned that the retractor is utilized, but not limited to, a method whereby an initial incision is made in the skin of approximately 10-15 mm in length. Surgeon preference will dictate the need for one or more stages of dilators or scalpel blades to aid in expanding the wound before introducing one or more retractors in combination with pedicle screws. Normal surgical techniques may be used to close the incision(s).

It is also contemplated that the retractor may be manufactured from medical grade metal or composites of metal. A metallic part utilizes such materials as, but not limited to, aluminum, stainless steel, nickel-titanium, titanium and alloys thereof. In addition, the parts may have a reflective or non-reflective coating to aid in increasing visibility in the wound and may have an artificial lighting feature.

It will be understood that various modifications may be made to the embodiments of the presently disclosed retraction system. Therefore, the above description should not be construed as limiting, but merely as exemplifications of embodiments. Those skilled in the art will envision other modifications within the scope and spirit of the present disclosure.

As with any surgical instrument and implant, the retractors must have the ability to be sterilized using known materials and techniques. Parts may be sterile packed by the manufacturer or sterilized on site by the user. Sterile packed parts may be individually packed or packed in any desirable quantity. For example, a sterile package may contain one or a plurality of retractors in a sterile enclosure. Alternatively, such a sterile surgical kit may also include one or a plurality of bone biopsy needles guide wires, sterile cannulated scalpels, dilators, rods, or other surgical instruments.

The blades may be made of a light transmitting material. The retractor may include a light guide system. The light guide system has an input adapter to receive light from a light source and one or more light emitting surfaces to illuminate the surgical field.

It will be understood that various modifications may be made to the embodiments of the presently disclosed retraction system. Therefore, the above description should not be construed as limiting, but merely as exemplifications of embodiments. Those skilled in the art will envision other modifications within the scope and spirit of the present disclosure.

For example, while the foregoing description has focused on spine surgery, it is contemplated that the retractors and methods described herein may find use in other orthopedic surgery applications, such as trauma surgery. Thus, where it is desired to insert a screw or pin into bone in a minimally invasive manner, or otherwise to access a surgical target site over a guidewire, the dilator, scalpel and retractors (or some of them) of the present disclosure may be used, with or without a bone screw.

Further still, it will be appreciated that the pedicle screw may be cannulated such that it may be translated along a guide wire, thereby facilitating insertion of the pedicle screw and retractor. In addition, it is contemplated that conventional insertion tools or those disclosed in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 12/104,653, filed on Apr. 17, 2008 (U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2008/0262318), the entire contents of which are hereby incorporated by reference may be used in conjunction with the presently disclosed retractor and pedicle screws. 

1. A surgical retractor comprising: a pair of opposed elongate members; a coupling region disposed at one end of the surgical retractor and operably coupled to the pair of opposed elongate members, the coupling region having an opening located at a distal end thereof and at least one interlocking region including at least a pair of openings defined therethrough and configured to substantially align with each other to define a receptacle; a pin configured to be removably received in the receptacle to releasably secure the interlocking region together, wherein removal of the pin permits selective separation of the coupling region; and at least one flexible joint coupling each elongate member to the coupling region.
 2. The surgical retractor of claim 1, wherein the flexible joint is a living hinge.
 3. The surgical retractor of claim 1, wherein the flexible joint is a true hinge including a pivot pin.
 4. The surgical retractor of claim 1, wherein at least one of the elongate members is formed from a material selected from the group consisting of: titanium, titanium alloy, surgical stainless steel, and shape memory alloy.
 5. The surgical retractor of claim 1, wherein at least one of the elongate members is formed from a material selected from the group consisting of: polypropylene, polyethylene, polycarbonate, silicone, and polyetheretherketone.
 6. A surgical retractor comprising: a pair of opposed first and second elongate members; a coupling region disposed at one end of the surgical retractor and operably coupled to the pair of opposed elongate members, the coupling region having an opening located at a distal end thereof and at least one interlocking region including at least a pair of openings defined therethrough and configured to substantially align with each other to define a receptacle; a pin configured to be removably received in the receptacle to releasably secure the interlocking region together, wherein removal of the pin permits selective separation of the coupling region; and at least one hinge having a hinge pin connecting said first elongate member to said coupling region.
 7. The surgical retractor of claim 6, further comprising a second hinge connecting said second elongate member to the coupling region.
 8. The surgical retractor of claim 7, wherein the second hinge is a living hinge.
 9. The surgical retractor of claim 7, wherein the second hinge includes a hinge pin.
 10. The surgical retractor of claim 6, wherein the coupling region further includes at least two interlocking portions.
 11. The surgical retractor of claim 1, wherein the at least one interlocking region includes a first portion having at least one arm extending therefrom and configured to interlock with at least one arm extending from a second portion of the interlocking region.
 12. The surgical retractor of claim 11, wherein the arms of the first and second portions of the interlocking region each include throughbores defined therethrough, the throughbores configured to substantially align to form the receptacle. 